By Garima Jain
Only 35 percent of Indians above the age of 15 had bank accounts in 2011 (26.5 percent of females and 43 percent of males), according to a World Bank estimate. By 2014, this number, which coincided with cyclones Phailin and Hud-Hud ravaging the coastal states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, increased to 53 percent (43 percent of females and 62 percent of males), according to World Bank data.
Although 10 million bank accounts were opened on a single day - a global record, as part of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s nationwide plan to ensure the poor have bank accounts - more than 30 percent remain without money, as IndiaSpend reported earlier, quoting government data.
In an attempt to find out how financially secure people were at the time of these disasters, we travelled across the most-ravaged areas of these two states, talking to families in three villages and 11 urban areas. These are the initial findings, albeit from a small random sample of about 200 households:
94 percent of households have bank accounts
Contrary to popular opinion, 94 percent of the families interviewed said that they had at least one bank account. Many had multiple accounts that they had to open to benefit from various government schemes, which do not allow them to use existing accounts.
While 28 percent had a Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna (PMJDY) - or Prime Minister’s People’s Wealth-account, 16 percent said they opened bank accounts to receive post-cyclone damage compensation; 13percent opened them earlier to access other government schemes and benefits.
Most people only used these accounts to gain state benefits: Only seven percent used bank accounts for work-related transactions and 19 percent for savings schemes.
People were uncomfortable putting money into these accounts either because of a lack of trust, or simply because they didn’t save enough after daily needs were met.
But there were other forms of investments people claimed to be making.
Due to a lack of alternatives, or tempted by good returns, many still participated in private chit funds despite knowing a history of fraud. Many women were part of more informal self-help groups or social-kitty systems, where 20 to 25 women got together and pooled in Rs. 10,000 to Rs 20,000 per person into one account. They accessed these funds based on their needs and returned it with interest over a fixed period of time.
This system works primarily on the social trust that people have with each other, but many people who had asset-based livelihoods, such as grocery stores, invested in more assets for their shops rather than keeping the money liquid.
So do bank accounts mean better financial security, and do they help people when calamities strike?
Friends, not government, are first responders in crisis
As many as 73 percent of those interviewed were helped by friends and relatives to recover after cyclones. These cases were rarer in urban than rural areas, possibly because of distances or limited resources to share. This indicates people rely not only on social-safety nets but also on what is most accessible.
Nearly 76 percent of responders borrowed money either from their friends or from money-lenders to recover from cyclone damage. These loans ranged from Rs.3,000 to Rs.2 lakh at two-five percent monthly interest.
Since the majority of these people had bank accounts, low interest-rate government loans may prove more effective than fixed but insufficient compensation. This would help combat usurious interest rates, while involving the banking system.
Many people working in houses as maids, or shops as casual workers, also borrowed money, clothes, medicines and other food supplies from their employers, although at low or no interest rates. In Khaja Sahi, a slum in Berhampur flattened by the cyclone, a Muslim Trust helped people rebuild lives, another example of an informal safety net.
Most have life insurance but don’t know about other protection - or don’t use it
Many people had some form of life insurance, but none of those we spoke to had any access or knowledge about other types of insurance, especially for work-related assets or housing, except those benefitting from World Bank-funded housing projects. This could be because there are not too many insurance products available in the market, particularly for those living or working in the informal sector.
As many as 26 percent of respondents said they had some form of life insurance; 25 percent of them said they had a policy with the Life Insurance Corporation and one percent had a policy with the Pradhan Mantri Bima Yojana (Prime Minister’s Life Insurance Policy), although most did not know how to operate it.
About 43 percent of households said they were covered by the National Health Insurance Scheme, the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, but only 21 percent of these said they had used it, since it applies only for major medical treatments and emergencies.
What makes people’s lives insecure?
A third of families mentioned health as the primary reason for savings, followed by education (27 percent), future eventualities (17 percent) which could include cyclones, rains and any other everyday challenges, children’s marriages (nine percent) and livelihood-related risks (eight percent). About seven percentof families also mentioned house repairs as a motivation to save.
These are indications that while most people consider health, education and livelihoods as future risks, not as many considered cyclones and disasters.
This could also give an insight to policy makers working on reducing climate-related risks and provides an indication of mistrust of public services, such as health and education. People have taken it upon themselves to save for those, above private affairs, such as marriages and home repairs.
In disasters, where people have limited liquid assets or financial security, having bank accounts is an important step, but it is not enough for financial security.
(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform. Garima Jain is a consultant at the Indian Institute for Human Settlements and works on issues related to disaster risks. The views expressed are personal. The author can be contacted at respond@indiaspend.org)