Saccharin – the artificial sweetener widely used in India: can both kill and save you?

Saccharin, a century-old artificial sweetener commonly found in Indian kitchens and diet products, has now emerged as both a possible cure and a cause for concern.

Known for being nearly 700 times sweeter than sugar and calorie-free, saccharin has become a popular sugar substitute. However, recent research has revealed a startling duality: it can help kill drug-resistant bacteria, yet in large doses, it may trigger serious health complications.

The science behind the sweet cure

A recent study published in EMBO Molecular Medicine found that saccharin can destroy multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. 

Notably, these bacteria are notoriously hard to treat and contribute to antimicrobial resistance, which the World Health Organization classifies as a top global health threat.

Researchers discovered that saccharin disrupts bacterial membranes, causes cell wall damage, and interferes with DNA replication.

It also enhances the efficacy of existing antibiotics and prevents the formation of biofilms, a bacterial defense mechanism. In lab tests, saccharin-infused hydrogel dressings outperformed silver-based medical dressings in treating infected wounds.

When sweetness turns deadly

Despite its benefits, saccharin is not without risks. In 2024, in Patiala, Punjab, a 10-year-old girl died after eating a birthday cake that allegedly contained excessive saccharin.

Doctors have stated that high doses of artificial sweeteners can lead to gastrointestinal distress, headaches, neurological symptoms, and in extreme cases, liver and kidney dysfunction or even death.

While saccharin has been removed from cancer watchlists, prolonged high intake still poses potential health threats.

Striking a balance

With saccharin’s capacity to both heal and harm, its usage demands cautious optimism. Scientists suggest it could play a key role in the future of antimicrobial treatments, especially as traditional antibiotics falter. However, experts stress the importance of regulation, accurate labeling, and consumer awareness to prevent harmful misuse.